无论是身处学校还是步入社会，大家都尝试过写作吧，借助写作也可以提高我们的语言组织能力。相信许多人会觉得范文很难写？下面我给大家整理了一些优秀范文，希望能够帮助到大家，我们一起来看一看吧。
英美文学考研篇一
couplets: a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter verse: unrhymed iambic pentameter : 14 iambic pentameter lines which follows certain rhyme conquest: in the year the normans headed by which is mainly about canterbury tales, in chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that of boccaccio’s decameron, but he failed and only 24 tales were m shakespeare, one of the first founders of the first period of his work shakespeare wrote:
1590the second and third part of king henry vi
1591the first part of king henry vi
1592the life and death of king richard iii;the comedy of errors
1593titus andronicus;the taming of the shrew
1594the two gentlemen of verona;love’s labour’s lost;romeo and juliet
1595the life and death of richard ii;a midsummer night’s dream
***8much ado about nothing;the merry wives of windsor;the life of king henry v
1599the life and death of julius caesar;as you like it
1600twelfth night, or, what you will
in the second period:
1601 1602 troilus and cressida;all’s well that ends well
160416051606antony and cleopatra
1607the tragedy of coriolanus;timon of athens
1608pericles, prince of tyre
in the third period:
1609cymbeline, king of britain
1610the winter’s tale
1612the tempest;the life of king henry viii
be, or not to be: that is the question: is soliloquy which used in a play on the stage and without a die, to sleep, no s bacon is scientist, philosopher, donne, a metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人)
john milton, his paradise lost, which tells how satan rebelled against god and how adam and eve were driven1
out of bunyan, the plain man’s pathway to heaven.成功刻画人物。
daniel defoe, robinson crusoe, the first english novel, 是一部现实主义小说，作品的主题是通过对主人公鲁滨孙的成功刻画，歌颂资本主义上升时期那种不畏艰难和困苦，充满野心和冒险精神，富有百折不挠，顽强毅力和斗志，依靠自己的双手改变一切、创造一切的自我奋斗和创业精神。is a realistic novel, the theme is according to the successfully describe of the hero robinson, sing the praises of the not afraid of hardships and difficulties, and full of ambition and spirit of adventure , indomitable will power and fighting power, what’s more, the spirit of self-made depending on oneself in the liftperiod of swift, his gulliver’s travels, 抨击当时英国的议会政治和反动的宗教势力，通过描写格列佛四次遇险，写出了作者看透了当代的腐败，以讽刺的方法，抨击了当时腐败的社会。attack the britain
parliamentarism and reactionary religious forces, according to describe gulliver’s four-time distress to show the writer has understood the contemporary social corruption, and attack the corrupted society by satire at that tinry fielding is the father of english smith is the first american jefferson is the writer of the declaration of literature of romanticism period is from american war of independence to before the civil ing historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on
depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express
transcendentalism是美国浪漫主义最高潮时期的体验，认为世间万物都是平等的。
henry david thoreau is the beginner of melville, american novelist, proser and dick, in which shows the struggle between
mankind and nature and draw people’s attention on how to get along with nature wants to subvert transcendentalism.9.诗歌鉴赏
sonnet 18
shall i compare thee to a summer's day?我能否将你比作夏天？
thou art more lovely and more temperate:你比夏天更美丽温婉。
rough winds do shake the darling buds of may,狂风将五月的蓓蕾凋残，and summer's lease hath all too short a date;夏日的勾留何其短暂。
sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,休恋那丽日当空，and often is his gold complexion dimm'd,转眼会云雾迷蒙。
and every fair from fair sometime declines,休叹那百花飘零，by chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd:催折于无常的天命。
but thy eternal summer shall not fade唯有你永恒的夏日常新
nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,你的美貌亦毫发无损。
nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade,死神也无缘将你幽禁，when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st.你在我永恒的诗中长存。
so long as men can breathe or eyes can see,只要世间尚有人吟诵我的诗篇，so long lives this,and this gives life to thee.这诗就将不朽，永葆你的芳颜。
全诗的基本格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter），包括三个四行组（quatrain）和一个对偶句(couplet)，采用典型的莎氏十四行的韵式，即abab cdcd efef gg。
二、比喻和描述有时平淡或离奇，破坏意美
sonnet 29
when, in disgrace with fortune and man's eyes当我受尽命运和人们的白眼，i all alone beweep my outcast state暗暗地哀悼自己的身世飘零，and trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries徒用呼吁去干扰聋瞶的昊天,and look upon my self and curse my fate顾盼着身影，诅咒自己的生辰，wishing me like to one more rich in hope愿我和另一个一样富于希望，featured like him,like him with friends possess'd面貌相似，又和他一样广交游，desiring this man's art and that man's scope希求这人的渊博，那人的内行，with what i most enjoy contented least最赏心的乐事觉得最不对头；
yet in these thought myself almost despising可是，当我正要这样看轻自己，haply i think on thee,and then my state忽然想起了你，于是我的精神，like to the lark at break of day arising便象云雀破晓从阴霾的大地
from sullen earth sings hymns at heaven's gate振翮上升，高唱着圣歌在天门：
for thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings一想起你的爱使我那么富有，that then i scorn to change my state with kings和帝王换位我也不屑于屈就。
赏析：对社会、对自己的命运的不满和无奈。格律是五音步抑扬格（iambic pentameter）.韵式，即abab
cdcd efef gg。
to a waterfowl《 致 水 鸟 》
-----by william cullen bryant威廉·卡伦·布赖恩特
whither, 'midst falling dew,披着滴落的露珠，while glow the heavens with the last steps of day,天空灿烂，白日的行程就要结束；
far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue穿过玫瑰色的遥远空际，thy solitary way?你往何方把孤单的前程追逐？
总结：as the dew falls and the sun sets in the rosy depths of the heavens, i wonder where you(waterfowl)are
going?
vainly the fowler's eye看你远远飞翔而无计可施，might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong,捕鸟人的眼光徒劳眷顾；
as, darkly painted on the crimson sky,满天红霞把你映衬，thy figure floats along.暗黑的身影飘飘飞舞。
总结：the hunter can bring no harm to you ,you are free and t success, a hunter(fowler)might try to
bring you down as you float in silhouette against the crimson evening 'st thou the plashy brink你是在寻找开阔的大河之滨，of weedy lake, or marge of river wide,还是波浪拍岸的水草之湖？
or where the rocking billows rise and sink或者潮水冲刷的海滩，on the chafed ocean side?那里的巨浪奔腾起伏？
• 总结：are you seeking for a place that is suitable for rest? are you looking for the marshy edge of a lake,the bank of a river, or the shore of the ocean?
there is a power whose care有上苍把你关照，teaches thy way along that pathless coast,--在无路的海岸为你指路，the desert and illimitable air,--在荒漠和无边的空际，lone wandering, but not lost.你孤单的飘荡不致迷途。
• 总结：there is a power that leads you on your way across deserts and through unlimited expanses of may be wandering and alone, but you are not day thy wings have fann'd你成天翕动翅膀，at that far height, the cold thin atmosphere:任空气稀薄暴风寒冷，飞在高处，yet stoop not, weary, to the welcome land,疲乏中你不肯降落舒适的大地，though the dark night is near.即使黑夜即将紧闭它的帷幕。
总结：you have been flying the whole day, but do not stop and have a rest though dark is have been flapping your wings all day high in the sky, yet you continue on even though night is near and land beckons beneath soon that toil shall end,你很快就会结束这样的劳苦，soon shalt thou find a summer home, and rest,你即将找到你夏天的住处；
and scream among thy fellows;reeds shall bend休息中呼唤自己的伙伴，soon o'er thy sheltered nest.芦苇也会躬身把你的窝巢遮护。
• 总结：you have a strong desire to be with your family;or, to achieve your your journey will
you will descend to your summer , you will scream among others of your kind and find secure shelter among the tall 'rt gone, the abyss of heaven你的身躯全被吞没，hath swallowed up thy form;yet, on my heart天堂深渊里，你踪影全无；
deeply hath sunk the lesson thou hast given,然而你的启迪深深留在我的心底，and shall not soon depart.我将久久地久久地把它记住。
• 总结:i can no longer see you, but i will never forget the lesson you taught , who, from zone to zone,谁，从一个地方到另一个地方，guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight,指引你穿越无限的天空作必然的飞翔，in the long way that i must tread alone,也会在我必须独自跋涉的长途上，will lead my steps aright.正确地引导我的脚步。
赏析：there are eight 4-line stanzas, in each stanza, their rhyme is abab.
英美文学考研篇二
英国文学知识点梳理：
sance:(from 14th century to 17th century)
definition: renaissance is commonly applied to the movement or period in western civilization, which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern age of drama and s:the rediscovery of ancient roman and greek culture, the new discoveries in geography and astronomy, the religious reformation and economic expansion
significance: a reflection of the class struggle waged by the new rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its m caxton—the first person who introduced printing into : originated in italy, sonnet is a fourteen-line poem with a distinctiverhyme scheme and metrical was introduced to england by sir wyatt in the early stage of english renaissance and then further cultivated by edmund spenser and william shakespeare so as to produce respectively the spenserian stanza and
shakespearian stanza, both of which exerted great influence on the successing pearian stanza: shakespearean sonnet is made up of three quatrains(四行诗节)with different rhymes, followed by a rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef rian stanza: invented by edmund is a stanza of 9 lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步& the last line in iambic hexameter抑扬格六音步, rhyming verse—is unrhymed poetry with each line written in iambic pentamet metaphysical poetry:
definition:the term is commonly used to name the work in the 17th century written by the writers who wrote under the influence of john entatives: john donne & george herbert
technique: peculiar/metaphysical conceits(奇喻)
general features: diction is simple and echoes the words and cadence of
common imagery is drawn from the actual life yet subtle, the extended metaphors for such images are typically called “metaphysical/peculiar
conceits”.the form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s loved, with god, or with -classic period:
1)the enlightenment movement—the age of reason
definition: the enlightenment refers to a progressive intellectual movement
throughout western europe that spans approximately one hundred years from
1680s to e: to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and
artistic ideas.2)neoclassicism:(main literary form—english novels)
definition: in literary criticism, this term refers to the revival of the attitudes and
styles of expression of classical is generally used to describe a period in
european history beginning in the late seventeenth century and lasting until about
teristics of neoclassical literature: fixed laws and rules for almost every
genre of : lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, each class
guided by its own : in heroic couplet;strictly observation of the 3
unity of time, space andaction;regularity in construction;type characters
rather than ream of literature: realism—writers described the
social ic period:(an age of poetry)
1)romanticism
english romanticism is said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of
wordsworth and coleridge’s lyrical ballads and to have ended in 1832 with
sir walter scott’s death and the passage of the first reform bill in the
parliament.2)characteristics of the age
the romantic age is emphatically an age of novelists appeared in this was during this period that women assumed, for the first time, an important place in english literature.(jane austen)the greatest historical novelists walter scott belongs to this
historical novels combines a romantic atmosphere with a realistic depiction of
historical background and common people’s marked the transition
from romanticism to the period of realism that followed it. victorian period:
1)victorian literature
the novel became the most widely read and most vital and challenging
expression of progressive thought.
the victorian age was also a great one for non-fictional poets of this period were mainly characterized by their experiment with
new styles and new ways of expression.2)critical realism
english critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 1840s and early found its expression mainly in the writing of novels and the greatest
english critical realist of the time was charles dickens—a humorist and
satirist, a great bourgoisie intellect who could not overstep the limits of
his english critical realism of the 19th century not only gave a satirical
portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed
profound sympathy for the common people. modern period—marked by the publification of ’s the wast
land:(prevailing genre: fictions)
1)cultural background
darwin’s origin of species and social darwinism;einstein’s theory of relativity;freud’s
analytical psychology;irrational philosophers including schopenhauer, nietzsche and
bergson.2)the differences between realism and modernism:
realism: theoratical base---rational philosophyfunction of literature---educate
people and criticize social evilssubject---public, exterior worldconception of
time &space---clock time, geographic spaceforms and techniques---hero, plot
tone---optimistic
modernism: theoratical base---irrational philosophyfunction of literature---
expression of “self”subject---private, interior world
conception oftime &space---psychological time &spaceforms and techniques---
anti-hero, anti-plot
tone---pessimistic
modernism is , in many aspects, a reaction against rationalism, it rose out of
skepticism and disillusion of major theme of modernism:
distoreted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society,man and man, and man and ry trends: expressionism, surrealism(超现实主义), futurism, imagism and stream
of consciousness, existentialsm.美国文学
ture of colonial period
tribes had a rich store of oral literature in the forms of songs, spells, charms,omens ,riddles and stages: traditional literature, transitional literature, modern first permanent english settlement was established at jamestown, virginia in nism :origin of puritan
doctrines:based on calvinism1)predestination2)original sin and total depravity
3)limited atonement4)theocracy
influence on american literature 1)its optimism has exerted a great influence on
american literature2)puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception changed
gradually into a literary symbolism
ture of colonial settlement: forms: histories, travel account, biographies,diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons and teristics:1)american
colonial literature is neither real literature nor american.2)their writings served either
god or colonial expansion
literature of the revolutionary period:
age of reason: definition:a rational society is that “reforms the mind,sweetens the temper, cheers the spirits, and promotes health”(by thomas
jefferson). forms of literature: ballads, skits, broadsides, newspaper poems, editorials,essays, private and public letters, satires, pamphlets
literature of the romantic period
1)american romanticism: an artistic and intellectual movement originating in europe
in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on
the inspanidual’s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and
forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and factors: it is a period following american independence.(political independence,economic development and territorial expansion contributed much to n influence: romanticism emerged from england and it added impetusto the
growthof romanticism in america.2)distinct features of american romanticism
was in essence the expression of a real new experience
an puritanism served as a cultural heritage in american an new ideals were strong enough to inspire romantic spirit
imitative & independent
literature of the realistic period:
m:is a term applied to literary composition that aims at an prejudice, idealism, or romantic :realism flourished from the civil war to the turn of the century.es:(1)it stresses truthful treatment of material.(2)characterization is the center of the story.(3)open ending is a good example of the truthful treatment of material.(4)realism focuses on common characters and everyday events.(5)realism emphasizes objectivity.(6)realism presents moral literary trends:
1)local color(or local corlorism/regionalism etc.)
color is a term applied to literature which, asthat have escaped standardizing cultural influences
es: presenting a locale which is distinguished from the outside world;describing the exotic and the picturesque;nostalgia;showing things as they are;the influence of setting on character（environmental determinism）
2)naturalism:
ound: 1)darwinism’s key points: the struggle for existence or evolution, the survival of the fittest, natural selection.2)socialdarwinism: the weak and stupid would fall victim in the natural course of events to economic tion: naturalism is a critical term applied to the method of literary
composition
es:humans are controlled by laws of heredity and universe is cold, godless, indifferent, and hostile to human literary naturalists have a major difference from the realists.(violent, sensational, sordid, unpleasant and ugly l)
literature of the modernist period:
1).modernism:
cultural background: darwin’s origin of species;freud’s analytical psychology(libido, id, ego, superego);irrational philosophers: schopenhauer & nietzsche
modernist literature is characterized chiefly by a rejection of 19th-century traditions.2)imagism:(leaders: ezra pound and amy lowell)
definition: imagism is the doctrine and poetic practice of a small but influential group of american and british poets calling themselves imagists between 1912 and at a new clarity and exactness in the short lyric poem, the imagists cultivated concision and directness, building their short poems around single images;they also preferred looser cadences to traditional regular es: free choice of subject matter, free verse, image without interpretation or comment
influences: imagist theories call for brief language, describing the precise picture in as few words as new way of poetry composition has a lasting influence in the 20th century poetry. second lasting influence of imagism is the form of free are no metrical are apparent indiscriminate line breaks, which reflects the discontinuity of life is art of the poem.(the poet uses the length of the lines and the strange groupings of words to show how life itself can be broken up into somehow meaningless clusters.)
2)the lost generation:
.first used by gertrude stein, an american woman writer, who was one of the leaders of the group,the term defines a sense of moral loss or wwi destroyed the innocent ideas, many good young men went to the war and died, or
returned damaged, both physically and mentally;their moral faith were no longer valid---they were “lost.”
in the narrow sense: a group ofamerican writers, including hemingway,rald, passos, gs, sherwood anderson, and hart crane, the broad sense: the entire post wwi american young generation
main characteristics: suffering from the war, losing beliefs, being cut off from life, indulged in drinking and partying.
英美文学考研篇三
《英美文学》复习方法
一、找到《英美文学》的辅导书，例如《自考一本通》《自考直通车》等类型的汉语版辅导书。
二、先把汉语版辅导书的课文翻译通读，理解了全书每个章节的内容和知识点；用汉语记录重点；
三、第一轮复习顺序：
1、先看英国文学，后看美国文学
2、按照时间顺序看，每个时代都有代表性文学流派和代表作家及代表性作品
3、按照课本的章节顺序，看完汉语译文后，对照英语译文，划出课本上对每个时代代表性流派，代表作家和代表作品的描述和评论。名词性描述一般是填空题和选择搭配题；评论部分是简单题和问答题；*只看代表性的重要信息，非代表性作品和作家生平介绍不用看；记住某个时代某个流派有哪些代表作家，哪些代表性作品及该作品的简要介绍和评论。
4、按照章节划出重点信息，然后整理笔记；
5、全部整理完毕之后，基本上对文学史和代表文学作品有了基本了解。
四、第二轮复习顺序
1、找到历年真题，做题的时候对照答案，寻找该答案在课文原文中的原始线索，并作好整理记录；
2、整理理解全部真题的答案以后，对课本的重点知识就有了比较清楚的理解；
五、考前突击复习
1、依据真题笔记和第二轮复习的笔记，对不熟悉的部分进行重点复习。
2、根据以往考题的研究，旧题还会重新考，所以大家要关注所有做过的真题和各章节中没有考过的但属于代表性知识的部分，这些有可能是将要考的新题。自学考试已经有历史了，所以过去的真题加起来也就是全书的重点知识网络，所以认真复习真题并理解消化，整理帮助记忆，这对于考试制胜是最好的办法。
*警告：千万不要抛开课本直接做真题；
千万不要死记硬背，而是要在理解的基础上反复读，抄写，默记；反复整理笔记，新的笔记只记录没有掌握好的，直到最后的笔记成为提纲式的。
〈高级英语〉复习方法说明；
一、对照辅导书，精读课文，做课后练习；
二、找来历年考试真题，认真做，查到答案在课本中的相关地方
三、认真复习真题，总结知识点；错题本，反复研究错题
四、回到课本，从头到尾认真阅读课文，全面复习重点知识点；
五、整理真题，再次复习错题；
*高级英语上下册32个单元，复习面积很大，所以必须早动手，狠下功夫。
祝愿大家能够取得优秀的成绩！
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