范文为教学中作为模范的文章，也常常用来指写作的模板。常常用于文秘写作的参考，也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。大家想知道怎么样才能写一篇比较优质的范文吗？下面是小编为大家收集的优秀范文，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
冰箱的由来简写 冰箱一词来源篇一
对于现代的人，尤其是城市的人来说，炎炎夏季，如果没有冰箱该是多么可怕的事情。下面，我们就一起来看一篇公共英语三级阅读文章，了解一下冰箱的起源吧。
by the mid-nineteenth century, the term"icebox"had entered the american language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the united states. the ice trade grew with the growth of cities. ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. after the civil war(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. even before 1880, half the ice sold in new york, philadelphia, and baltimore, and one-third of that sold in boston and chicago, went to families for their own use. this had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. in the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. the commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
but as early as 1803, an ingenious maryland farmer, thomas moore, had been on the right track. he owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of washington, for which the village of georgetown was the market center. when he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. one advantage of his icebox, more explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.
直到19 世纪中期，"冰箱"这个名词才进入了美国语言，但冰仅仅只是开始影响美国普通市民的饮食。冰的买卖随着城市的发展而发展。冰被用在旅馆、酒馆、医院以及被一些有眼光的城市商人用于肉、鱼和黄油的保鲜。内战(1861-1865)之后，冰被用于冷藏货车，同时也进入了民用。甚至在1880 年前，半数在纽约、费城和巴尔的摩销售的冰，三分之一在波士顿和芝加哥销售的冰进入家庭使用，因为一种新的家庭设备，冰箱，即现代冰箱的前身，被发明了。
制造一台有效率的冰箱不像我们想象的那么简单。19 世纪早期，关于对冷藏科学至关重要的热物理知识是很浅陋的。认为最好的冰箱应该防止冰的融化这样一个普遍的观点显然是错误的，因为正是冰的融化起了制冷作用。早期为节省冰的努力，包括用毯子把冰包起来，使得冰不能发挥它的作用。直到近19 世纪末，发明家们才成功地找到有效率的冰箱所需要的精确的隔热和循环的精确平衡。
但早在 1803 年，一位有发明天才的马里兰农场主，托马斯·莫尔，找到了正确方法。他拥有一个农场，离华盛顿约 20 英里，那里的乔治镇村庄是集市中心。当他用自己设计的冰箱运送黄油去市场时，他发现顾客们 会走过装在竞争者桶里那些迅速融化的黄油而给他比市价更高的.价格买他仍然新鲜坚硬，整齐地切成一磅一块的黄油。莫尔说他的冰箱的一个好处是使得农民们不必在夜里上路去市场以保持他们产品的低温。更高的价格买他仍然新鲜坚硬，整齐地切成一磅一块的黄油。莫尔说他的冰箱的一个好处是使得农民们不必在夜里上路去市 场以保持他们产品的低温。
如何做原因性的题目
由于阅读理解的文章绝大多数是属于说明文体裁，而说明文的主要功能是对事物、现象的解释和阐述。因此许多题目都涉及到分析和辨别事物的原因或成因。例如：
the main reason for the failure of the organization to achieve the success is that _____.
mouthwashes are not effective cure for bad breath mainly because _________.
which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes for the earthquake ______.
在做寻找事物原因的题目时，有几点要特别注意。
1.问的是主要原因或真正原因，而命题人员总把一些次要的，非直接的，非根本的原因放进选项。由于这些次要的原因也是文章中提到的，因此考生如不仔细，往往会把次要原因当作答案。
这就告诉我们，做这类题目，首先要注意问题中的the main/chief/real cause (reason，factor) 这些词，提醒自己，问题问的是主要原因。然后分析事物的诸多的原因，理出最主要的，直接的，根本的原因。
2.问的是事物的原因，但出现在选项里的还有事物的后果、影响。由子这些后果、影响和原因一样，都是指一件事，且都出现在同一相关段，或相关句中，稍不留心，就会搞错。
这就告诉我们，做寻找原因的题目时，对文章所说的事物的原因、结果、影响，应理清它们之间的逻辑关系。不要错把结果当原因。
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